There are two kinds of scales (a small insect) that settle on citrus trees in California, causing damage to fruit, leaves, and even the trees themselves. These are the California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) and yellow scale (Aonidiella citrina). Currently, the California red scale or citrus red scale is a greater concern than yellow scale because yellow scale is easily controlled by its natural predators and doesn’t attack mature wood in the way that the red scale does. Read on to learn about California red scale, why it’s a problem, and how to deal with this pest using integrated pest management (IPM).
What is California Red Scale?
California red scale is an armored scale that settles on the wood, fruit, and leaves of citrus and lives under a roundish waxy cover during its entire lifetime, except when emerging or mating. Female scales build a round-shaped cover and produce between 100 and 150 crawlers that leave the cover to settle in small depressions on leaves, fruits, and twigs. They then construct their own waxy covers and the cycle begins again.
Male scales live under their longer-shaped covers until they have molted four times. They then emerge as small, two-winged insects and fly out from their covers for a period of six hours to mate before dying.
What Damage Does California Red Scale Cause?
Citrus red scale feeds on the fruit, leaves, twigs, and trunks of citrus trees, damaging fruit and even killing the tree if the infestation is severe. You might notice a yellowing of leaves and dieback of both twigs and limbs, especially from late summer to early fall when higher scale numbers coincide with the peak time of moisture stress in the orchard.
How to Manage California Red Scale
Previously, orchardists sought to control populations of California red and yellow scale using organophosphates and carbamates. However, Many scale populations in the San Joaquin Valley became resistant to these chemicals in the 1990s.
Today, the University of California recommends an Integrated Pest Management approach to California red scale. Not only does this approach help to reduce the impact of chemicals on the environment and pollinators, but also protects red scale’s natural predators — an important part of the pest-management puzzle.
Natural Predators
Introducing the right predators is the first and most effective strategy for controlling California red scale. In coastal areas, the parasitic wasps Aphytis melinus and A. lingnanensis are your primary allies. In the San Joaquin Valley, use Comperiella bifasciata. The lady beetle species Rhyzobius (Lindorus) lophanthae, Chilocorus orbus, and C.Cacti also feed on California red scale.
If you are using natural predators as a form of biological control, it’s paramount that you avoid killing off these natural predators with sprays. Monitor pest populations carefully to decide when pesticides are really needed, use highly-selective pesticides that don’t kill all of your bugs, and only spray areas on the orchard where scale numbers pass the threshold (determined using pheromone traps).
Make Your Orchard More Predator-Friendly
Apart from pesticides, ants, dust, and dense canopies can also thwart the work of predators.
- Ants
Control the native gray ant in the San Joaquin Valley and the Argentine ant in Southern California to prevent them from eating your citrus red scale predators.
- Dust
Dust makes it difficult for Aphytis to do its work. Wait until the end of the Aphytis season to apply whitewash or kaolin clay and wash trees (and water down the nearby roads) if ash from brush fires is settling on your citrus trees.
- Dense Canopies
Parasites need an open canopy in order to access the scales. Prune and open up the trees from the inside to give the parasites an easy path.
Additional Organic Measures
Sometimes, additional methods are needed in order to control California red scale. Organic citrus growers can use an organic-approved petroleum oil spray like PureSpray Green (NR 440) and high-pressure fruit washing in the packinghouse. These methods should always be used in conjunction with Aphytis releases.
Additional Conventional Measures
Pesticide use for California red scale is the most complicated and risky approach, simply because of the effect these pesticides have on scale’s natural predators. In other words, using pesticides for the red scale could actually worsen the problem.
The most effective and selective pesticides for red scale are:
- Oil sprays
- Buprofezin (Centaur)
- Pyriproxyfen (Esteem)
- Spirotetramat (Movento)
In contrast to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, these sprays won’t kill everything they come into contact with, but each spray still poses a problem for certain members of the red-scale food chain. Be sure to read up on the exact timing and methods of application if you decide to apply any of these sprays.
Buy Targeted Products for California Red Scale at Fruit Growers Supply
Specializing in citrus and fruit trees, Fruit Growers Supply Company has everything you need to control citrus red scale effectively. In our full-service retail stores, we stock an extensive range of fruit-growing inventory and also offer custom irrigation systems (perfect for reducing moisture stress in summer) and site visits. Don’t lose any more produce or trees to California red scale. Contact Fruit Growers Supply today!
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